Battery may be postponed purchased Roewe 550 hybrid edition

Recently, the domestic news shows that in the domestic car market in the new Inspiron 9300 energy independent, the Shanghai Automotive will enter the field of research and development, and has formed the most complete industrial chain of new energy vehicles are expected to achieve by 2010 the amount of production of new products.
Recently, at the 09 China International Industry Fair, SAIC will feature six models for the 2010 Shanghai World Expo will be the new energy service vehicles, including Shen Chi-brand four models of pure electric vehicles, the first appearance of the Shen Chi license 11 Block fuel cell tourist vehicles, Shanghai brand fuel cell cars and hybrid LaCrosse sedan. It is reported that the Inspiron 6000 World Expo 2010 conference, SAIC will be the World Expo will provide nearly new energy vehicles, cars, covers the pure electric vehicles, super capacitor car, fuel cell vehicles, hybrid four systems.

¡ºRoewe 550 will launch a hybrid version of model¡»

On its battery source, SAIC insiders, said in an interview: The former has already including China BYD, South Korea and other overseas suppliers of batteries to negotiate and co-use of outsourcing in the form of, at present its new energy products have been Start road test. Introduction of fuel-efficient future laptop battery will be more than 50% of the Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars and other zero-emission electric cars and so on.

Laptop battery and environmental protection

Potential contamination of used batteries has caused widespread concern in the community. China is the world's laptop battery number one dry battery producing and consuming nations, our data show that China currently has more than 1,400 battery manufacturers in 1980, the production of dry batteries volume has surpassed the United States and the largest in the world first. In 1998 the production of dry batteries in China amounted to 14 billion, while the same year the world's total production of dry batteries is about 30 billion.
Such a large quantity of batteries, making a big problem exposed, that is, how to make so many batteries do not undermine the pollution of our environment. According to our survey, used batteries containing heavy metals as well as the waste acid, waste alkali and other electrolyte solution. If you arbitrarily discarded batteries will destroy the corruption of the water, erosion of our survival crops and land, our environment is facing a huge threat. If the one on the 1st cell in the ground and rotting, it's toxic substances make one square meter of land to lose value; throw a coin battery into the water, which contains toxic substances which killed more than 60 million liters of water body pollution Inspiron 8200 , equivalent to a person's life, water; used batteries containing heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., in which cadmium, lead, mercury is a great harm to human body substances. The nickel, zinc and other metal although to a certain range of concentration is a useful material, but in the environment over the limit, but will also harm the human body. Waste batteries leaking heavy metals can cause rivers, lakes, sea and other bodies of water pollution, endangering the survival of aquatic and water use, an indirect threat to human health. Waste acid, waste alkali and so on could contaminate the electrolyte solution, so that land acidification and salinization, which decker around us like a Inspiron 6000 time bomb. Therefore, the collection and disposal of used batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may be on the ecological environment and human health, cause serious harm. Randomly discard used batteries is not only pollute the environment, is also a waste of resources. Some people forget an account to the country's annual production of 10 billion batteries, annual consumption of 156,000 tons of zinc, 226,000 tons of manganese dioxide, 2080 tons of copper, 27,000 tons of zinc chloride, 79,000 tons ammonium chloride, 4.3 million tons of carbon rod. Despite the advanced technology has given us the right direction, but the phenomenon of pollution in China's battery is still not optimistic. Most of China's current domestic waste has been mixed with used batteries together into the ground, over time, after the battery into decay, heavy Latitude CPi metal leaching, both could contaminate groundwater bodies, they could contaminate soil and finally through a variety of ways to enter the human food chain. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment through the food chain biomagnification, grade by grade in the higher organisms tens of thousands of times more enriched in, and then enter the human body through the food chain, and in some organs savings cause chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.

Batteries are generally divided into disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. The main disposable batteries, including zinc-manganese batteries (zinc and manganese dioxide), zinc mercury batteries (zinc and mercury oxide) and lithium batteries and other several categories. The main rechargeable batteries include cadmium - nickel, iron - nickel, zinc - silver, zinc - air and lithium - iron sulfide and lead-acid batteries and so on. Our daily life is the most frequently used zinc-manganese batteries and zinc-mercury batteries, leaving the battery pollution is mainly caused by mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd).

Mercury toxicity

Mercury, which are commonly called "mercury" is a G5266 liquid at room temperature the material, can prevent the battery in the cathode zinc oxide, this approach to improve the storage life of the battery. Thus, as early as in the previous zinc used in batteries to do extremely overcast almost all do a certain amount of mercury preservative. However, the chemical combination of mercury and mercury have the neurotoxicity of endocrine system, immune system, also have an adverse effect, it will trigger people's slurred speech, unsteady gait, limb paralysis, leading to generalized convulsions, mental disorders and died.

For a long time, China in the production of dry batteries, it is necessary to join a toxic substance - mercury or mercury compounds. China's mercury in alkaline batteries up to 1% ~ 5%, 0.025% neutral dry-cell batteries, dry batteries every year for the production of dozens of tons of mercury amounted to much. As technology advances, the battery began to implement a low mercury and mercury-free, mercury substitutes Forafac fluorinated polymer surfactants in preventing the corrosion of zinc has achieved good results.

Discarded mercury batteries in nature will slowly overflow from the battery into the soil or water, and then under the action of microorganisms, inorganic mercury can be transformed into methylmercury, gathered in the fish's body, the human consumption of such fish , the methylmercury enters the human brain cells, people's nervous systems were severely damaged, in serious G5260 cases would be crazy to death. Well-known Minamata disease in Japan is caused by methylmercury.

Cadmium Toxicity

Cadmium is not a trace element necessary for the human body, the body of newborn babies, and there is no cadmium, but increased with age, and gradually accumulated. Cadmium with renal toxicity, which caused kidney damage is irreversible. At the same time after renal injury may also be secondary osteoporosis, osteomalacia and fractures. In 1993, the International Union Against Cancer will be set at IA level carcinogen cadmium. For these reasons, many developed countries have recommended a ban on the use of nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride battery has been replaced by nickel-cadmium batteries, avoiding the use of cadmium. In China, the vast majority of battery manufacturers are still using cadmium as raw material for production of the battery, making the battery further increase the dangers. Affected by long-term consumption of cadmium contaminated D5318 water and food, can lead to bone pain and disease, cadmium into the body, causing osteomalacia skeletal deformities, and in severe form of natural fractures, and even die.

Manganese toxicity

Excessive levels of manganese accumulation in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, an early manifestation of an integrated sexual dysfunction, the emergence of heavier speech monotonous, dull expression, emotional indifference, accompanied by psychological symptoms.

Lead toxicity

Lead a major role in the nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, and liver, kidney and other organs, can inhibit the synthesis of hemoglobin metabolism, but also directly on the mature red blood cells, for infants, young children much, it will lead to children's physical development retardation, chronic lead in the prime of childhood mental retardation.

Nickel toxicity

Nickel powder dissolved in the blood, to participate in the body circulation, with strong toxicity, can damage the central nervous 310-6322 system, causing abnormal blood vessels, severe cases lead to cancer.

Zinc toxicity

Zinc is an essential element of the human body, less toxic, oral zinc sulfate 1000mg only people with acute poisoning, but the inhalation of zinc oxide dust can cause poisoning. Its symptoms are generalized fatigue, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, severe heart weakness, prostration, convulsions died. Zinc sulfate, zinc chloride penetrated the skin mucous membrane, it can produce dermatitis and ulcers. Of zinc to fish and aquatic toxicity of the toxic than the people, so fishing water requirements for the content of zinc per liter in the water should not exceed 0.1mg.

Recycling of waste batteries

Waste batteries may be small, against Queshen big. However, due to pollution, waste batteries do not like waste, air and water pollution, as could any sensory feel it has great hidden, so did not receive due attention. At present, China's battery production and consumption to become a big country, and used batteries pollution is an urgent need to address a major environmental problem.

According to environmental experts, in the recovery of 310-6321 waste batteries per 1,000 grams of metal, of which there are 82 grams of mercury, 88 grams cadmium, can be said that disposal of waste batteries recycling is not only addressed the sources of pollution, but also achieve the recycling of resources. In developed countries the recycling of spent batteries and use very seriously. Many countries in Western Europe, not only in stores, but also directly on the street are equipped with a special battery recycling box, and used batteries are 95% of the material can be recycled, particularly in high-value metal recovery. Such as the Foreign Secondary Lead industry developed rapidly, the current lead 55% of all production comes from regenerated lead. The Secondary Lead Industry in dealing with the regeneration of waste lead-acid batteries account for a substantial portion. 100 kg of waste lead-acid batteries can be recycled 50 to 60 kilograms of lead. Cadmium batteries for the regeneration of waste treatment technology abroad, have been more mature to deal with 100 kilograms of cadmium battery scrap recycling about 20 kg of metal cadmium, mercury batteries are mainly used for the environmentally sound Inspiron 9400 processing means to prevent the pollution of the environment . However, there are in this area of management rather weak.

Nanchen Watch: new energy vehicles decisive battle "country" and "home"

Vice chairman of China Machinery Industry Federation, Zhang Xiaoyu, chairman of China Society of laptop battery Automotive Engineers recently in "China's auto industry and the New Energy Development Forum," pointed out that the development of new energy vehicles strategy has become a national theme, the development of the world's cars regarded as the theme of this strategy.

The reporter noticed a very good example of this is in August this year, always attached importance to the traditional internal combustion engine energy-efficient German government approved the "National electric vehicle development program" aimed at promoting national development and to market electric vehicles. Under this plan, the German electric car by 2020 the total will reach 100 million units. In order to promote electric vehicles in the market, Germany, in 2012 the first right to purchase electric vehicles to give subsidies to 100,000 owners. In addition, as two of the world's largest car market, China and the United States for new energy vehicles strategic attention.

Therefore, journalists believe that the new Latitude CPX energy vehicle development strategy is not only a science and technology between countries and industrial policies, competition and changes in consumption habits is a terminal speed of competition. In the end, the global battle of new energy vehicles will be the macro level of national policy and cars of the micro-level household consumption will be conducted simultaneously.

Nissan has been on a global scale to promote zero-emission electric vehicles vanguard. This reporter recently interviewed in Beijing, Nissan Motor Co. President and CEO Carlos Ghosn. When a reporter asked Mr. Ghosn, in the national development policy of electric vehicles among the greatest efforts Inspiron 9300 in any country when, Ghosn said, the country's electric car policies usually contain two kinds of measures, a measure of consumers incentives to consumers to buy electric cars that will be able to get some incentives from the government, the United States 750 U.S. dollars, France is 5,000 euros, in Japan about 70 million yen. Another incentive is the zero-emission vehicles to provide investors with loans, the loan term is very long and very low interest rates. Loans from the Government or the Inspiron 2500 Government's request in accordance with lending banks, the United States, Europe and Japan have in implementing such measures.

Ghosn also presented, in addition to providing financial support and direct subsidies to consumers, the Government should invest in infrastructure support. Governments need to regulate charging facilities regulatory requirements, such as in building a supermarket, he must at the same time supporting a charging station; at gas stations and communities must build a charging station. These regulatory policies are very important to encourage the development of infrastructure.

Under Ghosn seems to support the U.S. government is the most electric vehicles. Japan is also very supportive of electric vehicles, in particular the Japanese government has recently expressed the hope that the Japanese car emissions will be reduced by 25%. In addition, the French government is also very supportive of zero emissions. In France, 70% of its energy comes from nuclear energy, nuclear energy is basically a kind of zero-emissions technologies, if the energy and can realize zero-emission vehicles, they Inspiron 4100 would establish a very good cycle, can be very effective in reducing carbon emissions .

Turning to Nissan and the Wuhan municipal government in the promotion of cooperation in electric cars, Ghosn said: So far, this is a relatively confined to parts of the project, there is no provision of incentives to consumers. Wuhan now has a number of the corresponding infrastructure, but if it is only in Wuhan, regional development, for local production of electric vehicles, there are some difficulties, and electric vehicles to achieve mass production scale, but also more cities involved.

Ghosn said: The existence of markets is the primary condition. Between the government and car manufacturers need to reach an agreement, so that electric car prices will allow consumers to achieve an acceptable level, then consumers will start buying these products. As more and more consumers purchase, the cost of electric vehicles will drop, followed by the need for government support.

Reporters that China electric cars and other new Inspiron 4000 energy vehicles in order to truly enter into the development of the fast lane, they must quickly make use of industrial policy and consumer policy of double leverage, in the national strategies and vehicles to build bridges between the wishes of household consumption. In these respects, it is clear that the United States, Japan and other traditional powers have taken the car in front of us.

Ghosn also said: We have tested a number of Chinese suppliers, battery technology, they do have a certain competitive. At present, mainly three countries in the development of this market, Japan, China and South Korea. Because the battery is the key to future technologies, but also in many other countries to enter the field.

Reporter believes that this is a problem can not be ignored. At present, we have to sort out clearly in electric vehicles, and other new energy automotive industry, we are the leading point and backward point. For example, in battery technology, we may have a leading place, but it should be noted that in other countries to catch up Inspiron 8100 speed.

Not long ago, the Sino-US Clean Energy's pragmatic cooperation by the Strategic Forum on the test drive the new energy sources in Liaoyuan City, lithium battery pack provides the core components of a Pentium pure electric cars. Contrary to journalists is expected that electric cars this powerful, life mileage [synthesis Photo Forum] has been able to achieve the ideal mileage reflects the research and development of Chinese enterprises in the use of the advantages of the battery. However, due to adopt a domestic transmission parts, driving in the frustrated sense of a direct impact on comfort. According to R & D personnel, if the use of imported transmission parts will greatly enhance the comfort, but the cost will go up a big chunk. Reporter, which fully reflects the current sort out my short-board electric vehicle technology, the importance and urgency. For technical short board, we can not completely rely on as conventional cars, as the introduction and a joint venture to solve. Always wanted to bypass the core of technical difficulties, we can not always use the occupation of the commanding heights of industries Inspiron 8000 and technologies.

Power cell concept demonstration effect to make money do more passion ignited

The recent A-share market in the 3100-point mark before the emergence of a relatively laptop battery hesitant posture, but the Stock Quotes is still active, particularly the concept of power battery unit is hot abnormal Fosugufen [9.29 1.20%] With Power Battery themes emerged four a limit-board, which led to the torch high-tech [10.46 0.38%], Jiangsu Guotai [20.95 0.38%], Shanshangufen [13.80 -0.29%] and other active power battery concept stocks, then, how to look at this trend then?

Emerging industries

Will have a great growth company

For the power battery concept stocks, the market is in fact no stranger, because in this year have shown that too, especially after the Spring Festival this year, BYD Fosugufen the concept of the aid became a hot stock market has become hot money hot Money race hot rods hot red, purple stock, and successfully detonated made electric vehicle concept stocks, Zhongtong Bus [6.99 4.02%], Futian Automobile [17.65 -0.34%] and other auto stocks were also powered by means of hot cars. However, on the one hand because of the short-term profit gains brought about by excessive selling pressure plate, on the other hand because of oil prices followed by the worst in the 60 U.S. dollars / barrel around shocks, the market for hybrid concept stock speculation passion has been weakened, so the 75UYF Buddha Shares and other battery-powered plastic variety once silent for nearly half a year.

However, in a recent re-power battery plate theme ushered in the catalyst, first, high oil prices. Oil price shocks in the second half of gradual acceleration in the upward trend, more recently a breakthrough in the 80 U.S. dollars / barrel trend, it seems that once again has hit 100 U.S. dollars / barrel signs, which will once again lead the market once and bright eyes of a hybrid auto concept stocks. Second, global climate, environmental concerns degree of upgrading, especially the emphasis on low-carbon industries, but also strengthened the prospects for hybrid vehicles is expected. It is estimated that in China the same size of the electric vehicles to replace gasoline-powered cars can be reduced by 19% of greenhouse gas emissions. And the emission sources shift from car exhaust pipes are usually located on the outskirts of the city's power plants will reduce air pollution, so it will strengthen separate ways capital is optimistic about the 1691P prospects for the future of hybrid vehicle forecast.

According to the U.S. CSM forecasts that in 2000 there are around 30000 hybrid cars in 2004, 175,000 units are expected in 2010 up to 70 million. Mercer, another U.S. information company forecast 2011 worldwide sales of 1.1 million hybrid. In the field of electric vehicle has been Toyota's lead is even more optimistic, saying that by 2010 annual output of 1 million hybrid cars by 2020 Toyota to be equipped with a full range of models for hybrid vehicles, the third generation of hybrid vehicles down the cost of 50%. And this optimistic forecast is not without foundation, because the production of Prius (Prius) has been accumulated up to one million, so the data show that the future of hybrid batteries industry outlook is optimistic about the new industries will create new and great the growth of the company.

From the industrial chain of high-growth stocks in the mining

From past experience, the power battery industry demand and the huge room for growth will indeed lead to the concern of funds separate ways, which will continue to have the inflow of funds into stocks in the power battery. However, from the power battery industry chain point of view, the various sub-industry large-scale commercial power batteries have a greater degree Latitude C640 of influence of different.

In which the battery power metal mineral resources in the upstream and downstream for the electric vehicle industry (also may include electric bicycles, and other power tools industry). Battery industry is divided into cell materials and components production, batteries monomer (or batteries) production, battery module integration (number of battery monomer composition), the battery into the group (number of battery modules constitute) four major components of intra-industry enterprise may involve one or several links.

The battery materials include cathode materials, anode materials, isolation membrane, electrolyte four parts, aluminum Others include platinum, copper foil, adhesives and so on. Battery materials on the one hand reflects the cost of mineral resources in the upper reaches of the other hand, the production process is relatively complex, the quality of the basic decisions monomer battery performance, so the total cost of the battery in the proportion is quite high, but the specific materials, degree of technological maturity (or the Production difficulty) vary. In addition, the battery into a group of high technical difficulty, so the internal battery industry, and key areas of access to Latitude C610 technology breakthroughs in materials, vendors will be easy to forward, post links integration, power battery industry, growing to become the biggest winner, while the pure monomer battery manufacturers control over the weaker. In other words, battery materials and battery into a group of sub-industry will be a large-scale commercial power batteries in the heart of a key, which means that the two fields is expected to generate high-growth stocks.

Thinking in this manner, we recommend investors to pay close attention to two types of stocks, one area of the battery raw materials, mainly in Jiangsu Cathay Pacific, CITIC Guoan [15.28 -0.97%], Jinrui Technology [16.43 0.98%], Shanshangufen other varieties, Shanshangufen industrial chain which is more perfect, and there is clothing, finance options, and other businesses to provide certain safety margin, can be tracked. Second, the battery and battery monomer groups, including Keli far [17.15 0.35%], the torch high-tech, Kane shares [8.77 0.80%] and so on, which has also been in high-tech torch battery power supply, Ke-li Yuan, Kai En stock of the original production of the battery is only monomer present, or plan to just cut into the power battery production, also good Latitude C600 prospects for the future can be a positive track.

Power lithium batteries Intelligent Management System

Li-ion battery With small size, light weight, high voltage, power, big, low self-discharge laptop battery and long service life, etc., has gradually become the mainstream of power battery. However, due to lithium-ion batteries have obvious non-linear, inconsistency and time-varying characteristics, and therefore the need for a certain application management. In addition to the charge and discharge lithium batteries demanding, as there have been charging, over-discharge, discharge current is too large, or a short circuit when the lithium battery temperature will rise, seriously undermine the performance of lithium batteries, resulting in shortened battery life. When the lithium batteries used in power equipment in the series, due to the single-cell lithium battery inconsistencies between the internal characteristics will lead to the lithium battery charge and discharge inconsistencies. A deterioration in performance, the entire battery of behavioral characteristics of the battery will be affected by this restriction, reducing the overall battery performance. To enable lithium batteries to maximize its advantages to extend the service life of lithium batteries must be in charge and discharge when real-time monitoring, providing over-voltage, over current, temperature, energy balance between the protection and battery.

Paper designed power management system for lithium batteries installed in the internal lithium battery pack in order to control the microcontroller core of the various sections in the realization of lithium battery energy balance, it is also can be achieved overcharge, over discharge, over current, temperature protection and short circuit protection. LCD displays battery pack through the various states, and can be reserved through the communication port to read the history of Latitude D510 lithium battery performance status.

Overall system design

Power lithium battery charger intelligent management system mainly consists of modules, data acquisition module (including voltage, current, temperature data acquisition), balanced module, power calculation module, data display module and storage communications module. System block diagram shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 System block diagram

Microcontroller-based controller, the entire system by collecting current information, determine the battery pack is charging, discharging or in idle status, and whether there is over-current phenomenon, and its state accordingly handled. The battery voltage of each section is collected analysis, the system determines whether to activate the equalizer module to conduct the entire battery pack energy balance at the same time to determine whether there is the phenomenon of overcharge or over-discharge. Temperature of the collection is mainly used for system over-temperature protection. The entire system working status, current, voltage of each section, the remaining capacity, and temperature information to go through the liquid crystal display module real-time display. The following methods Latitude D505 of its implementation of each module are introduced.

Microcontroller ATmega8

The system uses micro-controller is the United States ATMEL Corporation introduced a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller ATmega8. The microcontroller with high-end AVR microcontroller series, all the performance and features to support online programming (ISP), only one can be made of the download cable can be carried out SCM systems. ATmega8 microcontroller which has 6-channel A / D converter channels, including 4-channel 10-bit accuracy can be directly used in the design of the battery voltage measurement. ATmega8 of the performance makes it highly adaptable, flexible, low cost and high-performance embedded micro-controller, especially suitable for use in the development phase.

Principle and Implementation of Charge Latitude D500 Control Module

Lithium battery charging method is based on routine pre-charge, constant current, constant voltage in three phases, the timing diagram shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Timing diagram of conventional charging method

As the management system is put together with the battery inside the battery and charger is an external, so if communication interface and an external charger to increase the formation of closed-loop control, it will make the management system's general reduced. To achieve high interoperability, so that management systems and external charger working alone, the battery management system using intermittent charging method shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Sequence diagram intermittent charging method

Intermittent charging method is in the pre-charge and maintain the stage and through intermittently opened and closed charging circuit, the equivalent to change the size of the charge current, thereby achieving the pre-charge and maintain the state required a small current, in the normal charging large currents performance requirements.

With the management system in the battery pack to recharge, you need to match the constant voltage power supply with external Inspiron 600m battery charger, the value of U, its constant pressure requirements for: U = 4.2V ¡Á N + loss of voltage, where N is the battery sections number.

Limit value is the power of conventional lithium battery charging current is 0.3C (C is battery capacity), pre-charging must be carried out during system initialization, and then follow the intermittent charging method automatically recharge the battery pack.

Principle and Realization of voltage sampling module

Lithium-ion battery charging control requirements of its terminal voltage below 4.2V, in order to prevent damage to the battery overcharge, which calls for charging when the real-time detection of single-cell lithium battery voltage. Management system uses the voltage as shown in Figure 4, sample testing program. The working principle is: first, the single-pole double-throw switches K1, K2 hit up voltage measurement files, and through MCU-controlled, multi-channel switch Kn-1, Kn-2 (n = 1,2,3,4,5,6 , 7), simultaneously the capacitance received respectively at both ends of each single cell, so that capacitor charge to the capacitor voltage is equal to the measured single-cell voltage; then disconnect MCU-controlled, multi-channel switch Kn-1, Kn-2, At the same time closing the switch K3 and K4 access to A / D converter measurements. The program can be used directly within the microprocessor 10-bit A / D converter does not need to join another A / D chip, to save design cost. The actual circuit used in the Inspiron 510m analog switch relays.

Equilibrium Theory and Design of the module

Power batteries are a number of single cells in series to form a battery module, due to the internal characteristics of the battery differences between individuals, a number of charging and discharging, the battery pack will be an imbalance, seriously affecting the efficiency of battery power and security. In addition, the battery charging and discharging process of over-charge, over discharge current is too large, high temperature phenomena such as the battery will exacerbate the differences between the properties, which led to between a single lithium battery capacity, voltage imbalance in the performance of the final battery pack as a whole led to a sharp decline, and some characteristics of the acceleration of cell damage. Therefore, lithium batteries must be used in combination to solve the various single cell in the battery pack in the balance.

Sections of the battery pack in the balance of power balance can be used resistors, capacitors balanced, transformer balanced and many other programs. Because this management system is the driving force for large-capacity lithium battery, the use of a resistance balance, balanced fast, but there will be too much energy wasted; capacitor energy balance, while not an extra, but the balance of current generally small, it is competent difficult balance between power Inspiron 500m lithium battery. Therefore, the balance of both efficiency and speed of the module using a transformer balanced program. Used directly in a specific design DC / DC switching power supply module. Since switching power supply modules with power consumption, high efficiency, small size, light weight, etc., be used directly as a balanced module is a good choice. In the specific use, in accordance detected in all single-cell voltage to determine whether the need for batteries for energy balance. If necessary, closing balance master switch K5, switches K1, K2 down to reach a balanced profile, with the overall energy of the battery pack voltage is the lowest section of the balance of the additional battery charge until the cell voltage difference between the value of the scope of the system requirements for inside. Schematic diagram shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 voltage sampling, balanced charging schematic

Realization of current sampling

Current is the battery capacity estimation of key parameters, so the precision of current sampling, anti-jamming capability and linearity error of the requirements are very high. In this design, use of closed-loop current sensor LEM's LTSR25-NP, as shown in Figure 5,

Figure 5 LTSR25-NP-kind map

The device has excellent accuracy, good linearity and the best response time. Rated current of 25A, maximum 80A current measurement to meet system 312-0305 design requirements. The current sensor may be the charge and discharge current is converted to 0V ~ 5V voltage signal sent to the microcontroller's 10-bit A / D converter to convert measured after charge and discharge current measurement accuracy of 0.2A. Its operator characteristic curve shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Current Sensor LTSR25-NP operating characteristic curve

Figure to VREF as a reference point voltage, the default is 2.5V, IP as being measured currents.

The realization of temperature sampling

Battery management system, the temperature detected by DALLAS Semiconductor, Inc. is the U.S. production of digital temperature sensor DS18B20. It is a monolithic structure, no external A / D converter output 9 to 12-bit digital. Communications using a single bus protocol, for DS18B20 the various operations can be done via a data line. Because each DS18B20 contain a unique serial number, so that each bus can simultaneously connect to multiple DS18B20, which makes connections simple DS18B20, system design flexibility, suitable for multi-point temperature measurement system, especially with a single film machine constitutes a combination of temperature 312-0306 detection and control systems.

Realization of display module

LCD displays use DM12864M Chinese Graphic LCD Module. The module can display characters and graphics, built-in 8192 Chinese characters (16 ¡Á 16 dot matrix), 128 characters (8 ¡Á 16 dots), and 64 ¡Á 256 dot-matrix display RAM. The main technical parameters and display characteristics are as follows:
Power Supply VDD: 3.3V ~ 5V (built-in boost circuit, no negative pressure);

Display: 128 ¡Á 64 line;

LCD type: STN;

With the MCU interface: 8-bit or 4-bit parallel / 3 serial;

A variety of software functions: cursor display, screen shift, custom characters, sleep mode.

The system uses a serial interface, through the LCD module can display the total voltage of the battery pack, each single cell voltage, charge and discharge current, charge and discharge time, the working temperature, and the remaining capacity and so on.

The realization of data storage communication module

Li-ion battery management system in F5136 lithium battery charging and discharging process of the charge and discharge information, including sections of the battery voltage, charge and discharge current, temperature, battery power and other writing by sampling real-time saved in Flash memory chips SST25VF020. When necessary, through the serial port to communicate with the Host PC, stored in the Flash of the historical data read PC.

SST25VF020 is SST25VF series of Flash memory chips. The chip has the following characteristics: total capacity of 2M; single power supply to read and write operations, the working voltage is 2.7V ~ 3.3V; low-power, operating current 7mA, waiting for current 3¦ÌA; clock frequency up to 33MHz; data can be stored 100 years; the package for the SOIC and the small size WSON package. The practical application of the circuit as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 FLASH memory circuit schematics

Software Design

The system's software design using C language SCM completed, mainly including single voltage measurement procedure, current testing procedures, temperature testing procedures, energy balance procedure, charge management program, LCD display program and data storage communication program, and several other program modules . Its main flow Inspiron 710m chart shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Main Flow

Voltage measurement procedure

Through the microcontroller 10-bit A / D converter module measuring single cell voltage. In order to improve measurement accuracy, the software a "screening value of the average" software filtering method. In the simulation of each cell to measure the amount of time, continuous measurement many times, and then weed out the highest and lowest values, and then the remaining measurements averaged to obtain the best measurement results. Then the calculation of the voltage to obtain the Inspiron 700m battery voltage. In the voltage measurement is complete, run the "bubble sort" process, for all of the battery voltage to sort, marking the lowest, the maximum battery, in order to balance the module service.

Charge Manager

By detecting the cell voltage to determine a single battery charge in which stage and the use of pulse-width modulated output of microcontroller (PWM) to control the MOSFET in order to achieve the pre-charge phase of the charge and maintain a small current charging phase of the pulse charge. When the battery charge is detected after the auto-disconnect the charging circuit. Charging management module by detecting the voltage, current, temperature value to determine if the battery is working in the normal state, as there have been voltage, over-current or over-temperature phenomena, immediately close the charging and discharging through the MOSFET circuit, and the failure prompts lights lit.

Conclusion

This is designed to power lithium battery pack provides the intelligent management system, through which the system battery pack provides a variety of protection and control of energy balance to maximize the overall performance of lithium batteries. The prototype developed by seven 50AH Li-ion battery pack in series Lei days on a trial basis, to achieve the greatest balance of current 2.5A, balance of about 80% efficiency, performance, power lithium battery pack fully meet the requirements of energy balance, with a very good application prospects 5081P and promotion of values.

Lithium-ion power battery (b)

All the necessary protection features, such as: to protect the battery during charging to prevent the circuit overcurrent, by limiting the discharge voltage of the battery laptop battery to extend battery life.
Preservation Methods
Lithium-ion power battery fully charged, after the need to save. In more than six months can be stored at 20 ¡æ, showing that lithium-ion battery suitable for preservation at low temperatures. It has been suggested that rechargeable battery placed in the refrigerator interior preservation, is indeed a good idea. Existence of lithium-ion power battery self-discharge phenomenon, prolonged preservation will lead to battery depletion and the destruction of the internal structure of the battery, reducing battery life. Therefore, long-term preservation of the lithium-ion battery should be every 3 to 6 months make up power once, that is charged to voltage of 3.8 ~ 3.9V (Li-ion battery voltage of 3.85V the best save so) is appropriate.

Notes

The use of lithium-ion battery, pay attention to three points:

1, how the new battery?

The use of Inspiron 1100 lithium-ion battery should be noted that a period of time after the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, use of time has also come to shorten. However, lithium-ion battery is easily activated, as long as after 3-5 times the normal charge-discharge cycles the battery can be activated to restore to normal capacity. As the lithium battery's own characteristics, its decision is almost no memory effect. The new lithium batteries so the user during the activation process does not require special methods and equipment. Not only the theory that, from a practical point of view, from the outset on the use of standard method of charging that "activation" approach is the best.

For the lithium-ion power battery's "activation" issue, many say is: recharge time must be more than 12 hours, repeated three times to do in order to activate the battery. This "The first three charging more than 12 hours to charge" was obviously from the nickel battery (such as nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride) inherited from the argument. Therefore, this argument can be said that a beginning of miscommunication. Lithium-ion power batteries and nickel battery charge and discharge characteristics are very different, all the serious official stressed that technical information C1295 and charge-off will discharge lithium batteries, in particular liquid lithium-ion battery causing great harm. Accordance with the standard charge and therefore the best time and the standard method of charging, in particular, not to carry out more than 12 hours of super-long charge. In addition, the lithium-ion battery or the charger will automatically stop after the battery is full charge, there is no electricity nickel charger for 10 hours of the so-called "trickle" charge. In other words, if your lithium-ion power batteries in full, on the white charger is also sufficient. But no one can not guarantee that the battery charge and discharge protection circuit features and never change and the quality of fail-safe, so the battery will be a long time at the brink of danger. This is also another reason to oppose the long charge.

In some machines, charging more than a certain time, if they do not remove the charger, this time not only to stop charging system will start to discharge - charge cycle. Perhaps the makers of this approach has its own purpose, it is clear that in terms of 1X793 battery life is a disadvantage. At the same time, long charging would take a long time, often at night, and to the grid situation, at night in many places higher than the voltage, but also volatile. As already said, the lithium-ion battery is very precious, and it more than nickel in the electric charge and discharge aspects of fluctuations in the capacity of resistance is much less, so this brings additional risk.

In addition, another aspect can not be ignored is the lithium-ion battery is also not suitable for over-discharge, over-discharge of the battery is also very unfavorable. This leads to the following questions.

2, normal use should be when to start charging?

Because the number of charging and discharging is limited, so should be used up as much as possible the electric battery recharge. However, regarding the 6Y270 lithium-ion battery charge and discharge cycle test table data is as follows:

Cycle life (10% DOD):> 1000 times

Cycle life (100% DOD):> 200 times DOD is the depth of discharge of which the English abbreviation. Can be seen from the table may be the depth of charge and discharge times, 10% DOD cycle life than when the 100% DOD for much longer. Of course, if the actual charge equivalent to the relative total capacity: 10% * 1000 = 100,100% * 200 = 200, the latter a full charge and discharge, or better than some, under normal circumstances, you should have reservation in accordance with the remaining battery the principle of sufficient power and then run out of charge, but if the first two days can not be expected to persist throughout the day, when they should start on time charge, of course, if you are willing to carrying a charger to the office again a different matter.

The need to charge in order to cope with the anticipated upcoming busy communications will lead to an important event, even though there are a lot of battery power over time, then just charge ahead, because there is no real loss "1" sub-charge cycle life, which is "0.x" times only, and often this x will be very small.

Run out of battery power and then filling 312-0068 the remainder of the principle is not extreme. And long, like charging a widespread view that "as far as possible the machine run out of battery power, it is best to use automatic shutdown." This is really just practice on nickel batteries, The purpose is to avoid the memory effect occurs, unfortunately, it is also spread on the lithium-ion battery of this. It has been because the machine is too low battery warning appears, still do not charge to continue to use the example has been used in automatic shutdown. The results of this case, the machine later in the charging and starting there was no response, had to give customer service overhaul. In fact, this is because of power

Pool due to excessive electrical discharges cause voltage is too low, so do not have the normal charge and the boot and conditions. 3, the correct way for lithium batteries

To sum up, on the lithium-ion battery in use charging and discharging, the most important tips are:

1, in accordance with standards and procedures, charging time, even the first three have to do so; 2, when there is low power consumption machine when prompted, it should try to begin charging a timely manner; 3, lithium batteries do not need to activate the special method, in the the machine in normal use Latitude D610 lithium batteries will naturally activated. If you insist on spreading the use of "the three previous 2 hours long activation charge" approach, in fact there will be no effect.

Therefore, all 12 hours long pursuit of the charge and the lithium-ion battery used in the practice of automatic shutdown, are wrong.

4, the use of lithium batteries of fire

Some people might be familiar from mobile phones began to lithium-ion power batteries. In fact, it is being used in many household appliances. Needless to say, lithium-ion battery efficient, lightweight, and so its benefits are open to promote the use of rapidly.

Lithium batteries have a body of light, high efficiency, low temperature (-40 ¡æ) etc., 0.3mm thick, stamp-sized lithium battery can be used continuously for more than five years, widely used in many high-end home appliances and mobile handsets.

Lithium-ion battery currently being used is different from the manganese batteries and alkaline dry batteries of the zinc chloride and potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte, which uses the organic solvent using lithium-ion battery cathode manganese dioxide, lead fluoride, chloride sulfur and other materials. Anode used in lithium metal foil anode with the general use of zinc chloride Latitude D600 batteries compared to ionization tendency of strong, positive and negative voltage difference big, so increasing the work of lithium-ion battery performance.

However, lithium-ion power batteries are often in the course of fever, burning phenomenon, the impact of light by the host to use, in serious cases will also cause a fire burned down the host. Japan has taken place over the cause of lithium-ion battery heat caused by combustion of the family fire.

So why lithium-ion battery heat, burning it? The original lithium-ion battery in the many materials in contact with water, after severe chemical reaction can occur, and release a lot of heat leading to fever, burning phenomenon. Manganese dioxide lithium battery cathode, only a small drip can dip fever phenomenon. Lithium thionyl chloride batteries in contact with water in the generation of hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide, while the release of heat, several factors make life lithium batteries to become the "fire" and therefore people are using lithium batteries must pay attention to water-proof, anti - wet. A variety of host disabled, they should remove the batteries placed in dry, low temperature at the proper custody, to prevent and Latitude D520 avoid inappropriate use of lithium battery fires caused by household accidents.

Lithium-ion power battery (a)

Lithium-ion battery in the 20th century developed a new high-energy batteries. This battery laptop battery is a lithium metal anode, cathode with MnO2, SOCL2, (CFx) n and so on. 70 years into practical use. Because of its high energy, battery voltage high operating temperature range, long storage life, etc., has been widely used in military and civilian small appliances, such as mobile phones, portable computers, camcorders, cameras and so on, in part to replace the traditional batteries. Large-capacity lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles in the trial, will be the 21st century, the power of electric vehicles, one of the main driving force, and a satellite, aerospace and energy storage aspects applied.

Features
(1) The single cell voltage up to 3.7V, is a nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries 3 times, nearly two times the lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion battery which is higher than the energy of an important reason. Therefore, the driving force composed of the same voltage battery, the lithium-ion power batteries used in series figure would be considerably less than the lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. If the battery power more in the number of single cells, the battery group, the consistency of single cells the higher the demand, the life the more well to do, in the Latitude D820 actual use of the process of problem analysis, battery pack, usually one or two a single battery problem then lead to problems with the whole group of cells, it is not difficult to understand why the 48V lead-acid batteries 36V lead-acid batteries than the feedback must be high, from this perspective is more suitable in terms of lithium power battery use. For example, 36V lithium only 10 monomers, while the 36V lead-acid batteries require 18 single cells, that is, three 12V battery packs, while the 12V lead-acid batteries each with six single-cell or 6 single cell composition.

(2), light weight, than the energy of large, up to 150Wh/Kg, is a nickel-metal hydride batteries two times, four times the lead-acid batteries, so the weight is the same one-third of the energy of lead-acid batteries to a quarter, From this perspective, the resources of lithium consumed less, and because manganese lithium batteries used in the reserves are more elements, so the relative lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride batteries may be further price increases, but the cost of lithium-ion power TD175 battery is further reduced. Lithium-ion battery electric bicycle weighs 2.2-4 kg, lead-acid batteries for the 12-20 kg weight, lithium-lead-acid batteries power weight is about one-fourth to one-third lighter than lead-acid batteries is about 10 kg (36V, 10Ah batteries), battery weight by 70%, reduced vehicle weight of at least 20%. Coupled with a general summary paragraph lithium trams are electric bicycles, due to the battery and vehicle of light, the same voltage, same capacity, longer battery mileage, the average electric vehicles weighing more than 40 kilograms, while the lithium-ion battery electric bicycle weight In between 7-26 kg. President and the elderly can be easily moved, human riding is also very lightweight, sports and leisure have both. (3), small size, high reach 400Wh / L, the volume is one-half to one third of lead-acid batteries. Provides a more rational structure and a more aesthetic appearance of the design conditions, design space and possibilities. At this stage because of lead-acid battery size, weight limits, designers have been greatly constrained the design ideas, leading to the present stage of electric bicycles in the structure and appearance to "1000 car side", identical similarity, monotonous uniformity. The use of lithium-ion battery, giving designers to showcase design ideas and design style, more room and conditions. Of course, also lead to electric bicycle lithium-ion battery sizes varied, is not conducive to the development of lithium-powered battery industry. Li-ion power battery industry is also urgent need to develop lithium-ion battery electric bicycle national PC764 standards, accelerate the field of lithium battery electric bicycle on the lead-acid battery replacement. Of course, the current lithium battery is the continuous development process of different materials, different processes the size of the battery are very different, how unified is also a difficult point.

(4) long cycle life, cycle times of up to 1000 times. In order to maintain the 60% of the total volume, battery charge and discharge cycles 100% up to 600 times more than the useful life of up to 3-5 years, the life expectancy of about two to three times the lead-acid batteries. Advent of technological innovations and equipment to improve the battery life will become longer, cost will be higher and higher. (5) self-discharge rate is low, less than 5% per month.

(6) allows a wide operating temperature range, low-temperature performance, lithium-ion battery can be between -20 ¡æ ~ +55 ¡æ, particularly suitable for low temperature use, while the aqueous batteries (such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries) at low 312-0386 temperatures , due to deterioration of the electrolyte mobility will lead to performance significantly reduced.

(7) No memory effect, so every time the former do not like the nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, need to discharge, can be recharged anytime, anywhere. The battery charge and discharge depth, little impact on battery life can be full-filled the whole place, and we filled the whole cycle of testing is to put all the.

(8) especially suitable for motive power batteries, in addition to the high-voltage lithium-ion battery, the lithium-ion power batteries because of the protection board can be a single battery for each high-precision monitoring, low-power intelligent management, with improved over - charge, over discharge, temperature, over-current, short circuit protection, lock since the resumption of balance of features and reliable charging function, greatly extending the battery life. While other types of battery (such as lead-acid batteries) in the course of coherence due to the battery, charger and so on, is easy to produce the battery overcharge, over-discharge and other problems (due to cost and other reasons, lead-acid battery pack can not be right Every single battery monitoring and protection).

(9) pollution-free, lithium-ion battery does not exist in toxic substances, so called "Green batteries", the state priority list. The lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries because of the existence of harmful substances as lead and cadmium, the State is bound to strengthen the monitoring and governance (the export tax rebate cancellation of lead-acid Latitude D620 batteries, lead resource tax increases, limited the export of lead-acid electric bicycles), the corresponding business the cost will increase. Although lithium batteries no pollution, but from the perspective of resource conservation. Lithium-ion power battery recycling, recovery of the security, recovery costs are to be considered. (10) there is security risk; because of the high energy lithium-ion battery, materials poor stability, lithium prone to security issues, currently the world's leading mobile phone and notebook computer batteries (lithium cobalt oxide cathode materials and ternary materials), production enterprises, Japan's Sanyo, Sony and other companies require battery explosion spray rate was controlled at 40 ppb (billionth) the following, domestic firms can achieve ppm (parts per million) level was already pretty good, but the capacity of the battery power cell phone battery last for more than a hundred times, and therefore the safety of lithium is highly demanding. While the cobalt lithium batteries and battery with a ternary materials, lighter, smaller, etc., but they are not suitable for motive power batteries used in electric vehicles.

(11) the price is high; the same voltage and same capacity, lithium-ion battery 3-4 times the price of lead acid. With lithium-ion battery market expansion, cost reduction, performance improvement, as well as price increases lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion power battery is likely to cost more than lead-acid RC107 batteries.
Frame
Lithium-ion power battery usually has two kinds of shape: cylindrical and long square. Battery internal spiral winding structure, with a very elaborate and highly permeable material in polyethylene film isolate positive and negative interval formed. Cathode including lithium and cobalt dioxide, lithium-ion composition and the collector current is composed of aluminum thin film collector. Formed by a sheet of carbon anode materials of lithium-ion collector and copper thin film composed of the composition of the current collector. Rechargeable batteries with organic electrolyte solution. PTC is also equipped with safety valves and components, so that the battery in an abnormal state and output short-circuit the battery to protect against damage.

Single-cell lithium battery voltage is 3.6V, the capacity can not be infinite, therefore, often single-cell lithium batteries and parallel processing, in order to meet the requirements of different occasions.
Apply
As the twentieth century, the development of microelectronics technology, miniaturization of devices has increased, the power put forward a very high demand. Lithium-ion power battery entered a practical stage of large-scale. To be applied in the first cardiac pacemaker. As the lithium-ion battery self-discharge rate is very low, flat discharge voltage. Makes the pacemaker implanted in human long-term use is possible.

Lithium-ion power batteries are generally higher than the nominal voltage of 3.0 volts, more suitable for integrated circuit power supply. Manganese dioxide Y9943 battery, widely used in computers, calculators, cameras, wristwatches.

Now, a large number of lithium-ion battery used in mobile phones, it can be said to be the largest group of applications.

For example:

1, substitution of products for battery maintenance, many batteries: such as notebook computers that used by the maintenance found that damage to the battery pack when the battery is only an isolated problem. Can be the appropriate choice of a single lithium battery replacement.

2, producing bright mini flashlight I had used a single 3.6V1.6AH lithium battery with an ultra-bright white LED made of a micro-torch, easy to use, compact appearance. And because the battery capacity, the average nightly use of half an hour, has been more than two months remain before needing to recharge.

3, instead of 3V power supply. As a single lithium Inspiron 640m battery voltage of 3.6V. Therefore, only a lithium battery can be replaced by two regular batteries, to the radio, Walkman, cameras and other small household electrical appliances power supply, not only light weight, but also a long time of continuous use.
Research
In order to develop a performance superior varieties, people of various materials were studied. Thereby creating an unprecedented product. For example, lithium sulfur dioxide batteries and lithium-thionyl chloride batteries is very characteristic. Their is also a positive active material and electrolyte solvent. This structure is only in the non-aqueous electrochemical system, to appear. Therefore, the lithium battery research, but also contributed to the electrochemical theory of non-aqueous system development. In addition to using a variety of non-aqueous solvent, the polymer film was also carried out cell research.

The 21st century, scientists have developed a new type of hydrochloric acid iron lithium-ion battery. Iron phosphate lithium-ion battery can be summarized as the following features. A high-efficiency output: standard discharge for 2 ~ 5C, continuous high-current discharge of up to 10C, instantaneous pulse discharge (10S) of up to 20C; 2 at high temperatures with good performance: external temperature of 65 ¡æ, when the internal temperature is as high as 95 ¡æ, the battery discharge the end of the temperature up to 160 ¡æ, the structural safety of the battery in good condition; 3 even if the Inspiron 630m battery internal or external injury, the battery is not burning, no explosion, security, best; four excellent cycle life, after 500 cycles, its discharge capacity is still more than 95%; 5-off-discharge to zero volts and no damage; 6 fast charge; 7 low cost; 8 pairs of environmental pollution.

As the lithium iron phosphate power battery with the above characteristics, and produce a variety of different sizes of batteries, and soon to be widely used. It is the main application areas are: a large electric vehicles: buses, electric cars, tour buses and hybrid vehicles and other attractions; two light electric vehicle: electric bicycles, golf carts, small flat electric vehicles, forklifts, cleaning vehicles, electric wheelchairs and so on; 3 Power tools: electric drills, electric saws, mowers, etc.; 4 remote control cars, boats, aircraft and other toys; 5 solar energy and wind power energy storage devices; 6 UPS and emergency lights, warning lights and miner's lamp (safety of the most good); 7 one-time alternative to the camera in the 3V lithium battery and 9V Ni-Cd or Ni-MH rechargeable batteries (same size); eight small-scale medical equipment and portable instruments.
Component Performance
(1) the battery open circuit voltage (2) the battery internal resistance

(3) The battery voltage

(4) The charge voltage charging voltage is the secondary battery charging, the external power added to the battery voltage at both ends. The basic method of charging Youheng current charging and constant voltage charging. Generally use the constant current charging, the characteristics of the process of charging the charge current constant. As the charging progresses, the active substance was restored, the electrode reaction area is shrinking, the electrical polarization gradually increased.

(5) The battery capacity battery capacity refers to the amount of electricity from the battery to obtain, often C, said unit, said common Ah or mAh. The electrical properties of the battery capacity is an important indicator. The battery capacity is usually divided into theoretical capacity, practical capacity and rated capacity. The capacity of the battery capacity of the decision by the electrodes, if the electrode capacity varies depending on the capacity of the 6T473 battery capacity that smaller electrodes, but by no means the sum of positive and negative capacities.

(6), the storage battery performance and life of one of the main characteristics of chemical power sources is used to release electrical energy can be stored when not in power. The so-called secondary battery for storage performance is to maintain the ability to recharge your batteries. For the secondary battery, battery performance measure of good or bad, when life is an important parameter. Following a secondary battery charge and discharge, is called a cycle (or have been in this cycle). At a certain charge and discharge system, the battery capacity reaches a certain specified value before the battery can withstand the charge and discharge times known as the secondary battery life cycle. Lithium-ion battery has excellent storage performance and long cycle life.

(7) protection circuit consists of two FET and special protection Manifold S - 8232 composition, over and over-charge control tubes FET2 discharge control tube FET1 series in the circuit to protect IC from the battery voltage is monitored and controlled, when the battery voltage up to 4.2V, the over charging protection tube FET1 deadline to stop charging. To prevent malfunction, generally outside the circuit plus a delay capacitor. When the battery in a discharged state, the battery voltage down to 2.55V, the excessive discharge control tube FET1 deadline to stop power to the load. Over-current protection is greater when the load current flows out of date, control FET1 to close to stop the load discharge, the purpose is to protect the battery and FET. Over-current detection is the use of FET on-resistance as a sense resistor to monitor its voltage drop, when the voltage drop exceeds a set value, to stop discharging. In the circuit there is also generally added delay circuit to distinguish between inrush current and short-circuit current. The circuit is fully functional, reliable performance, but are highly specialized and dedicated Manifold difficult to buy, easy amateur imitation. Because the lithium-ion battery over charge or over discharge may cause an explosion and cause personal injury, so the use of such batteries, security is a major concern. Therefore, the commercial Inspiron 5100 lithium-ion batteries typically include a protection circuit such as the DS2720 (Figure 7). DS2720 provides a rechargeable lithium-ion battery

Lithium-ion battery industry standard interpretation of the relevant certification

Sub-UL. Underwriters Laboratories UL is in English (Underwriter Laboratories Inc.)'s Abbreviated, is a company engaged in product safety laptop battery testing and identification of the certification bodies. It is an independent, non-profit, do testing for public safety professional body. Is mainly engaged in product safety certification and operational safety certification services, with the ultimate aim is for the market to be a fairly safe standard goods. Over the years, UL has developed nearly 900 UL safety standard, which covers tens of thousands of products, raw materials and systems. Most of UL Standards are national standards to obtain U.S. government approval. In 2000, UL is the United States National Standards Institute (ANSI) designated as "audit of the eligibility criteria specified body", which indicates that UL safety standards has been recognized as the U.S. national testing standards.

CE certification. CE from the Inspiron 8500 French word "Communate Europpene" abbreviation made, is the meaning of the European Community. The European Community evolved into the European Union (EU), CE certification is a mandatory certification, both within the EU production of products, or products of other countries, in order to free circulation in the EU market, we must add paste "CE" mark to indicate that the product complies with the EU "technical coordination and standardization of the new approach" directive basic requirements. This is a product made by EU law a mandatory requirement.

RoHS certification. The European Parliament and the EU Council in January 2003 adopted the RoHS directive stands for The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous substances in Electnical and Electronic Equipment, namely, electrical and electronic equipment directive restricting the use of certain hazardous substances, also known as 2002 / 95/EC Directive, 2005 European Union Youyi 2005/618/EC form of a resolution was added to the 2002/95/EC stipulates the maximum limit of six hazardous substances in the value. Including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Latitude D800 hexavalent chromium (Cr6 +), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) of the maximum allowable concentration of 0.1% (1000ppm), cadmium (cd) of 0.01% ( 100ppm). RoHS Certification is one of the most stringent environmental certification.

SGS certification. SGS is the Societe Generale de Surveillance SA short, translated as "SGS." It was founded in 1887, is the world's largest and oldest non-governmental third-party engaged in product quality control and technical appraisal firm. Headquartered in Geneva, in the world is not 251 branches, 256 specialized laboratories and 27,000 professional and technical personnel in 142 countries to carry out product quality inspection, monitoring and assurance activities. There are at present 23 countries (mainly developing countries) in the implementation of the SGS test. The SGS based on fairness, scientific, authoritative and technical capacity to fully trust, entrust the implementation of SGS pairs of the imported goods, "a comprehensive regulatory scheme pre-shipment" (English is the Comprehensive Import Super-vision Scheme, referred to CISS), that is development of trade, and suppress the 312-0393 illegal import-export activities.

QS9000 quality system requirement is that the U.S. Big Three auto makers - Chrysler, Ford, General Motors Corporation on September 27, 1994 announced the adoption of a mandatory uniform quality standards outside the Association. It is supported by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) full support. It is ISO9000 developed on the basis of a quality assurance standard, not only includes all the requirements of ISO9001, but also covers three other company's supply-side requirements, and achieved QS9000 certification, naturally obtained ISO9000 certification. With the Big Three auto makers and parts manufacturers have gradually entered the Chinese system, people began to become increasingly interested in QS9000, QS9000 quality system has already become the domestic auto parts enterprises and their sub-supplier for the Big Three auto makers for the goods when the necessary conditions. Passed QS9000 quality system certification of domestic YD626 lithium battery maker BYD yes.

ISO9001 is the ISO9000 family standards included in the core of a group of quality management system standard. ISO9000 series standard is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1994 proposed the concept refers to ISO/Tc176 (International Organization for Standardization Quality Management and Quality Assurance Technical Committee) to develop international standards. ISO9001 used to confirm that the organization has provided to meet customer requirements and applicable regulatory requirements, product capabilities, aimed at enhancing customer satisfaction. With the continuous expansion of the commodity economy MM165 and increasingly international, to enhance the credibility of the product, reduce duplication of testing, weaken and eliminate technical barriers to trade, safeguarding producers, distributors, users and consumers rights and interests of all parties, this third party certification is not dominated by the economic interests of both production and marketing, notarization, science, is a national product and corporate quality assessment and monitoring of the passes; as a supply-side customers are the basis for quality system audits; enterprises to meet their technical requirements for the ability to order products.

ISO14000 is the International Organization for Standardization Environmental Management System introduced the general term, which includes many sub-standard. ISO14001 is one of the ISO14000 standard, called the "Environmental management systems - Requirements and User Guide" is the enterprises to establish environmental management system certification Latitude D830 audit and certification bodies based on the standard was promulgated in September 1996.

Li-ion laptop battery should be how the maintenance and preservation of

We love machine exactly how laptop battery lithium batteries and maintenance will be right? This problem has plagued many loyal cell phone users, packet
Including me. In checking some of the information, recently had the opportunity to consult a professional in an electrochemical Ph.D. and a domestic knowledge
Name of the battery, deputy director of the Institute. Now a number of recently acquired knowledge and experience in writing, to satisfy the reader of you.

Lithium-ion battery cathode material of lithium active compounds are usually composed of negative electrode is a special molecular structure of carbon. Common
The cathode material mainly composed of LiCoO2, charging, added to the battery positive pole of the electric potential to force the release of compounds from lithium
Son, embedded negative elements arranged in lamellar structure of the carbon. Discharge, lithium-ion from the lamellar structure of carbon in precipitation, re -
And the combination of positive compounds. INSPIRON 2600 Lithium-ion movement generated a current.

Although the chemical reaction principle is very simple, but in the actual industrial production, the practical problems need to be considered much more:
Cathode material additives required to maintain the multiple charge-discharge activity, the negative electrode material, which needs to design the molecular structure of class to accommodate the
More lithium ion; fill in the electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes, in addition to maintaining stability, but also need to have good electrical conductivity, reducing the
Battery internal resistance.

Although the lithium-ion batteries little nickel-cadmium battery memory effect, memory effect of the principle is that crystallization, in lithium batteries for several
Peace will not produce such a response. However, lithium-ion battery capacity after repeated charge-discharge will continue to decline, its causes are complex and multi -
Like. Is mainly positive and negative changes in the material itself, from the molecular level, the positive and negative electrodes on the capacity of 312-0292 lithium-ion hole structure will
Progressive collapse, plug; from the chemical point of view, is the active anode material is passive, there to form a stable of other side effects of
Adduct. Physics will appear on the cathode material gradually falling off, etc., in short, ultimately reduce the battery charge and discharge can be free to
The process of moving the number of lithium-ion.

Over-charging and over-discharge, lithium-ion batteries will be positive and negative result in permanent damage, from the molecular level, intuitive
Understanding, over-discharge of carbon anode will lead to excessive release of lithium ion and makes it appear lamellar structure collapsed, over-charging will
Too many negative electrode of lithium ion into the carbon structure of a hard go, causing some of the lithium-ion can no longer be released. This is the lithium -
Why do ion batteries are usually equipped with charge and discharge control circuit causes.

Not suitable for the temperature, will lead to Inspiron 2200 lithium-ion battery inside the reaction of other chemical compounds that we do not want to see, the
To the lithium-ion batteries in a number of positive and negative with the protection of temperature between the diaphragm or electrolyte additives. In the battery temperature to a
Given circumstances, the composite membrane electrolyte membrane hole closed or degeneration, increased battery internal resistance until the circuit, the battery is no longer to heat up, to ensure that
Charge the battery temperature is normal.

And deep charge-discharge lithium-ion batteries can improve the actual capacity? Experts clearly told me that this is meaningless. They
Even said that the so-called three full charge-discharge prior to use of "activation" in the knowledge of both of them, Dr. Lane, do not understand this as a
Necessary. Why do so many people, however, after the deep charge-discharge capacity of Battery Information Lane marking will occur change? After
Surface will be referred to.

Inspiron 1000 Lithium-ion batteries are generally with the management of chip and charge control chips. Which management chip in a series of registers,
There is capacity, temperature, ID, charge status, discharge frequency values. These values are in use will gradually change. I am a
People think that the use of instructions in the "Use a month or so should put a full-charge" approach is that the main role should be amended
These registers where the wrong value, making the battery charge control and the nominal capacity of the battery match the actual situation.

Charge control the main control chip, the battery charging process. Lithium-ion battery charging process is divided into two phases, constant-current fast
Filling stage (when the battery indicator light yellow) and constant-voltage current decreasing phase (the battery indicator light flashes green. Constant Current Fast Charge
Stage, the battery voltage gradually rises to the standard battery voltage, and subsequently transferred under constant pressure phase control chip, voltage is no longer l
High to ensure that no over-charge, current battery, along with the rising gradually weakened to 0, and the ultimate TD347 completion of charging.

Statistics chip power consumption by recording the discharge curve (voltage, current, time) can calculate the sample battery power, which
Is what we read in the Battery Information inside wh. Value. The lithium-ion batteries in repeated use, discharge Qu
Line will change, if the chip has not been opportunity to once again read out a complete discharge curve, its calculated capacity is also
Is not accurate. So we need to deep charge-discharge to calibrate the battery chips.

Finally, I right battery maintenance view is:

1. No need to ensure that every time a re-release END electric charge;

2. A period of time to do a protection circuit placed under the control of deep-charge battery power to amend the statistics, but it does not improve
The actual capacity of your battery.

3. A long time without the KD476 battery, should be placed in the shade in order to weaken its internal self-passivation reaction speed.

4. Protection circuit is also able to monitor the battery self-discharge, long-term without the battery should be charging to a certain degree of power to prevent the battery
Self-discharge during storage in the discharge of excessive lead to excessive damage.

In fact, there is not much to take into account the battery use of attention, in other words is taken into account is not much use. Can use a battery
How many times, perhaps more from the battery itself, differences in the manufacture of individual differences, rather than use. Choose a good
Mobile phone brand reputation is undoubtedly the future long-life battery one of the guarantees.

Now that the vast majority of electronic products, such as digital cameras, mobile phones, portable computers and so uses a lithium battery, so I make re-explain the principles of such batteries. Currently the mainstream notebook batteries are used, and the most widely used is a lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The reason is lithium (Li) in use at the same time more dangerous, we all know that lithium is a more active metal element, use less secure, we often see charging when burning, bursting. The lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) added element lithium can inhibit the active ingredient, which is the alternative to lithium batteries, and its possession of the anode used to suck the carbon-lithium-ion, discharge, lithium into lithium-ion, from the the battery anode, GD761 lithium-ion battery cathode reached. Charging, the cathode of lithium atoms into the lithium-ion and electron ionization, and the lithium-ion to the anode movement and electronic synthesis of lithium atoms. Discharge, the lithium atoms from the graphite anode surface of the crystal into a lithium-ion and electron ionization, and the synthesis of lithium atoms at the cathode. Therefore, in the lithium batteries with lithium-ion form forever appear, there will not be the form of lithium metal, of course, will not appear combustion, explosion and other dangers. Lithium ion moves between the anode and cathode, the electrode itself does not change. This is the lithium-ion batteries and lithium batteries is essentially the difference. So that lithium really a safe, efficient, convenient, while the older Lithium-Ion battery also will be eliminated. They distinguish between the method is quite simple: from the battery label will be able to identify the identity of lithium as Li, while the lithium-ion battery for Li-ion. Now, laptops and cell phones using the so-called lithium, in fact, lithium-ion battery.
Lithium-ion batteries with other batteries can not match advantage: working voltage is high; small size, light weight, energy is high; safe and fast charging; allows a wide temperature range; discharge current is small, no memory effect, no pollution, etc., these decisions its presence in the mainstream notebook batteries.
Of course, Inspiron E1505 lithium-ion batteries also have their own deficiencies, that is, high prices can not be charging a small number of fast charging, with no interchangeability of batteries, voltage changes, discharge rate of large, rapid decline in capacity can not be high-current discharge.
Therefore, the current battery is, and can not find a class of perfect solution, even if the lithium-ion battery can only be relative terms it is more beneficial to move some of the advantages inherent in Bale.

With regard to the use of lithium batteries, simply speaking three aspects:

First of all, lithium batteries do not need extraordinary time charge to activate, you can not do so would have meant charging circuit protection, plug is also useless

Secondly, the activation of lithium batteries (in fact, correct charging curve) generally appear in the first use for a long time to place, any use, or that the charge that is frequently used for some time, the methodology is a complete charge and discharge, after which the battery can be that with the charge, and only in the long run is only necessary for the use of full charge and discharge once again re-calibration

Finally, the Inspiron 6400 lithium battery life is mainly reflected in the charge-discharge cycles, this cycle is an absolute concept, for example, if you last used the 30% electricity, full of electricity, the next time the use of 70% of electricity, but also full of electricity, the happens to be a charge cycle, rather than two, so those who like to make a rechargeable battery the player himself aggregate it, do in fact accelerated the end of battery life

Detailed instructions, read the full text and pictures. . .

Explain the charge cycle:

The source of some misunderstanding

Every time this is the exhaustion of the battery re-charging the battery comes from the ancient NICD, this nickel-cadmium batteries have memory effect, if the letting go to make electricity, the battery will increase the number of times with the use of showing fewer and fewer of the state power
Later, the NIMH batteries, in fact, has no obvious memory effect, but it still needs a complete charge and discharge current to maintain its normal capacity shows that it is some Japanese Ni-MH charger offers the principle of refresh functions
The lithium batteries there was virtually no memory effect, of course, after prolonged usage charge curves there was still a little inaccurate, Apple provides a simple ical Inspiron 8600 prompts you to charge and discharge the battery from time to time for the correction, but does not require very high frequency.
With regard to activation, newly manufactured lithium batteries need to be achieved in a number of the best condition after use, this is true, but the use of 10 hours of activation is absolutely no need (and does not make sense) is now charging circuits are taken into account user convenience, the battery will automatically cut off after full charging circuit, so you can sleep at ease is not, at this time could not get plugged in fact there is no distinction between
Turning to the habit of charging 10 hours, this is from the old nicd or nimh batteries, etc. Talking about the slow charge mode, as the original battery charging circuit design behind the general in order to maintain battery temperature normal and to prevent battery damage , are used in small current charging mode is slow, and this circuit under normal circumstances do not have the power to determine an accurate function, so users are recommended 14-16 hours of charging this way, take a look at the error will generally be in 2,3 hours, if the charging current is too large, over-charge the battery will cause serious harm to
Later, and now for the nimh lithium 8N544 battery fast charging circuit, already has a very good power detection, you can use pulsed high-current fast charging, and can maintain the battery in the normal temperature range, but to near when the full power quickly in order to prevent overcharge, the circuit from the high-current pulse is converted to a gradual narrowing of the trickle charge, so even if the full power-up detection of some deviation, due to the closer full electric current is smaller, at the last moment charge current is close to 0, no damage to the battery, and this is why that 80% of pre-charge lithium batteries 1 hour can be completed, and full of the last 20% of the electricity have to 4 hours of the reasons for

PSP rechargeable battery four errors and correct maintenance and use

Misunderstanding 1: PSP needs to buy back three times repeated charge and discharge in order to activate the battery.

Unless you buy more than one year of the PSP laptop battery is the inventory of products, otherwise we do not need to do so, because now the battery when the batteries in the factory had already been activated, while the batteries in the package when the battery into the PSP has been a rather in the activation test, so you get the hand of the batteries, has long been active ever, and do three charge-discharge process was an increase in unnecessary battery depletion.

Misunderstanding 2: The first charge must be sufficient enough for 12 hours.

This is an early who do not have the battery control circuit of the Ni-MH battery device is applicable, but for now has a smart charge and discharge control module for the PSP is a joke, when the PSP Inspiron 2000 battery is fully charged, the charge current will be automatically cut off, and in system shows as "external power supply." Even if you continue to charge 120 hours, the state would not be any change, in general, three hours is completely filled, and the remaining "charge" is just a waste of their time. Instead, the time to get new machines should first get a rechargeable power shine.

Misunderstanding 3: The battery needs charging once a month and complete release.

For the memory effect of a strong nickel-metal hydride battery, which is an essential task, but for lithium batteries, the cycle is too frequent, and lithium batteries to eliminate memory effect, in theory, even if there is, it has significantly weakened the negligible The extent, if you use the battery very frequently, then you should discharge the battery to the relatively low (about 10 ~ 15%), re-charging, but if the discharge that not even the machines they can not (0 ~ 1%), belongs to the lithium battery There are a larger depth of injury discharge, in general once every 2 W0465 months to do this operation on it. If you rarely use the battery, then every 3 months as long as the first such operation on it.

Misunderstanding four: while charging while working, or the charge after the completion will continue to use an external power supply will damage the host and battery.

This is the most ridiculous argument. The so-called cavity electronics, such as mechanism of charge-level of theoretical argument, in practice, how much can react? Battery Industry academia, think about this first of all is not uniform. Theory, there are still a disagreement, how to guide consumers to use the actual brought?
Depletion of the battery is divided into the normal wear and tear and damage of wear and tear, use, and while external power supply while charging the degree of damage caused by the use of genuine fully within the scope of normal wear and tear on the battery, that is, no matter how systematic theory of maintenance measures, the battery is will be aging, it is like how the magic of cosmetics and beauty care could not stop turned into an old woman, at best Latitude X300 just delay, but the window dressing of the effectiveness of how to play the real number, it is definitely not the theory can not be explained - respect for the practical experience and scientific understanding is the correct view.
Some may say that the only way to avoid the aging batteries do not use (so many people would choose to take the battery), but this one to make PSP portable lose its meaning, and secondly, the battery, even in sealed condition, but also over time the extension of the natural aging. The battery is actually a semi-consumables, as long as the battery enough to bring you the convenience and joy, I think that their sacrifice is worthwhile.

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The correct battery maintenance and use the following:

1. Should be avoided completely discharge (using the black power).

2. Often Li-ion battery charge and discharge, is not exhausted when charging or use an external power supply, while charging while the use, or continue to use BAT3151L8 the add-in after charging, the battery will not cause additional wear and tear.

3. A long time when not in use lithium batteries should be removed, placed in a cool dry place. Cut to refrain from freezing, to avoid the erosion of water vapor. Avoid the use of a car on the high temperature. As a long time to save the battery charge to 40% in place.

4. As a laptop user, if most of the time is the use of fixed power, remove the 1G222 battery can be placed in the shade, but only out of the battery such as temperature, humidity and other environmental improvements. As a PSP is concerned, the circumstances under which the battery with an external power supply is not going to cause additional damage to the battery. And out of portability and protection of the battery cover, the idea of metal contacts are not recommended since the use of an external power supply, frequent demolition of the battery.

5. To avoid purchasing spare lithium batteries for storage, because the battery if not used, and their life is also a natural impairment, and therefore the INSPIRON 2650 limited battery life time, maximize the use of batteries is the expression value, rather than using all kinds of impractical theory to torture themselves and to entertain